Rapid Transmembrane Exchange of Hyperpolarized 13C-Urea: Pathology-Methods Development Using Erythrocytes

Keywords

according account added adding addition allows applied aqueous avoid bicarbonate biochemical biology blood bubbled carbonic cell cells chemical comparable compartments concentration conditions consortium constants containing conversion decay detection developed development dissolution dissolved distinguish done donors enables enhancing equilibrium erythrocytes exchange exists experimental explored extend extracellular facilitate fast final fitting flux fluxes fold fractions frequency full give glucose gram healthy human in vivo initial injected inset inside intermediates intra kidney kinetic lifetime ling magnetization mathematical measuring mechanistic mediated medulla membrane metabolic metabolites microwave might model molecules natl neoplastic note nuclear opened operated outside packed partial pass pathology pathway pertains plasma plot polarization possibility presence property radical rapid rapidly reactants reaction reactions receptivity recorded recording regulated resolution restrictions rupture saline scheme sequential serve short simple simplified situation solid solute solution spectra spectrometer spectrum spins stacked star step surmised suspension systems takes taking temperature timescale trans transfer transport tube types urea various washed water whether zero