Intracellular Redox State Revealed by 31P MR Spectroscopy Measurement of NAD+ and NADH Contents In Vivo

Keywords

absolute according acquisition adenine aging allows alterations application applied approaches assessment atom atoms autofluorescence berger bore bottom brain brains broadening cancer cell cells cellular chain charge chemical coil comparable conditions constant contents conversion converted coupling date decomposed dependent detection developed diagram direct discriminates diseased diseases domain either except exhibits exponential extraction feasibility field fitted fittings flow fluctuates form foundation frequency fully function functions grants gray healthy highly hong horizontal human identical in vivo increasing indicated intensity interfaced intracellular invasive inversion known least linear living localized made magnitude measured measuring medical metabolic metabolism mimic ming model molecular nitrogen normalizing novel nuclear occurs opportunity organs outputs oxidized panel peak phantom phosphorus pool positive prediction principle pulse quantification quantified quartet reactions readily recovery reflecting relaxed representative resolution response revealed role roles satisfactorily school science simulations since singlet solution solutions spectra spectral spectroscopy spectrum spin spins stable strength strengths structure surface system theory tissue transport upper yields